语法的重要性毋庸置疑,它是英语听说读写能力的基础。语法不好对英语学习的影响是隐性而持久的,比如很多人因为语法基础不好而不敢在口语和UKiset写作中使用稍微复杂一点的表达,影响输出效果。
今天小编就继续分享一个UKiset核心语法知识点:独立主格结构。
(一)定义
独立主格结构中所谓的“主格”,通俗的讲,就是能够在句子中充当主语的成分,相当于是句子的主语。
只是独立主格结构本身并不是一个句子,而是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语,加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语所组成的短语结构。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系,具有相对独立性,所以通常被称为“独立主格结构”。
需要注意的是,独立主格结构一般都出现书面语中,如文献中。口语中几乎不用。
(二)句法功能
虽然说在形式上,独立主格与主句没有什么关系,但在从逻辑意义上讲,独立主格结构并不是真正的独立,它还是一种从属分句,在句中有多种作用,如表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间、表补充说明等。在句中通常起的是状语作用,有时也相当于主句的并列分句。
1、表时间
The meeting being over, all of them went home.
句中的独立主格结构the meeting being over相当于时间状语从句when the meeting was over。
2、表条件
Help given in time, he may succeed.
句中的独立主格结构help given in time相当于条件状语从句If help is give in time。
3、表原因
There being no subway, they had to take a taxi.
句中的独立主格结构there being no subway相当于原因状语从句Since there was nosubway。
4、表伴随
She was lying on the bed, her hands crossed under her head
句中的独立主格结构her hands crossed under her head相当于主句的伴随分句and her hands were crossed under her head。
5、表补充
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
句中的独立主格结构each man working like two相当于主句的补充分句and each man worked like two,说明我们是如何加倍努力的。
【注意】
从上面的五种情况我们可以看出:
1、独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,但是表示原因时,也可放在句末。
2、表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。
(三)构成方式
独立主格结构的构成方式主要是:名词或代词+非谓语动词或形容词或副词或介词短语。具体如下:
名词(代词)+分词(现在分词和过去分词)
名词(代词)+形容词
名词(代词)+副词
名词(代词)+不定式
名词(代词) +介词短语
除了以上常见结构外,有时也会在名词或代词前面加上with,但这种情况只见于表伴随的用法。
也有由there或it引导的独立主格结构。
(四)结构特点
1、独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
2、名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定 式,介词等是主谓关系。
3、独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
(五)结构例解
1、名词或代词+现在分词
We will go for a picnic tomorrow, weather permitting.
He being ill, we'd better go and see him.
2、名词或代词+过去分词
The work finished, she went home.
We given more time, a better cake could have been made.
3、名词(代词)+形容词或副词
He is lying in bed, his eyes wide open.
He dead like a dog, everyone on the street showed no mercy on him.
4、名词或代词+不定式
Nobody to attend the meeting tomorrow, we will have to put it off.
Enough people to help her, she is sure to win the game.
5、名词或代词+介词短语
The teacher came in, book in hand.
He is talking on the phone, she in his arms.
6、特殊的独立主格结构
1)There being +名词或代词
There being nothing else to do, we left the office early.
2)It being +名词或代词
It being Christmas, the local shops were open late into the night.
3)with引导的独立主格结构
当独立主格表伴随时,也可用with的复合结构,但其逻辑主语一般都是名词,很少会用代词。其形式为:with +名词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语等。如:
He stood under the tree, with his mouth wide open. = He stood under the tree, his mouth wide open.
The murder was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. = The murder was brought in, his hands tied behind his back.
(六)注意事项
在含有介词短语的独立主格结构使用中,需要注意的是:
1、当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数,但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。
His sister entered his room, doll in hand.
2、当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用过去分词,不及物动词用现在分词。这其实是由分词表示的动作与前面的逻辑主语之间的主动和被动关系决定。
She sat there, her hands clenched, her eyes looking straight up.
以上就是小编为大家整理的关于UKiset英语语法知识点分析。更多上海市UKiset培训、UKiset考试题库等问题可以咨询我们。